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    A DVD rental company needs your help! They want to figure out how many days a customer will rent a DVD for based on some features and has approached you for help. They want you to try out some regression models which will help predict the number of days a customer will rent a DVD for. The company wants a model which yeilds a MSE of 3 or less on a test set. The model you make will help the company become more efficient inventory planning.

    The data they provided is in the csv file rental_info.csv. It has the following features:

    • "rental_date": The date (and time) the customer rents the DVD.
    • "return_date": The date (and time) the customer returns the DVD.
    • "amount": The amount paid by the customer for renting the DVD.
    • "amount_2": The square of "amount".
    • "rental_rate": The rate at which the DVD is rented for.
    • "rental_rate_2": The square of "rental_rate".
    • "release_year": The year the movie being rented was released.
    • "length": Lenght of the movie being rented, in minuites.
    • "length_2": The square of "length".
    • "replacement_cost": The amount it will cost the company to replace the DVD.
    • "special_features": Any special features, for example trailers/deleted scenes that the DVD also has.
    • "NC-17", "PG", "PG-13", "R": These columns are dummy variables of the rating of the movie. It takes the value 1 if the move is rated as the column name and 0 otherwise. For your convinience, the reference dummy has already been dropped.
    # Start your coding from below
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# For lasso
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# Run OLS
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# Random forest
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV

# Read in data
df_rental = pd.read_csv("rental_info.csv")

# Add information on rental duration
df_rental["rental_length"] = pd.to_datetime(df_rental["return_date"]) - pd.to_datetime(df_rental["rental_date"])
df_rental["rental_length_days"] = df_rental["rental_length"].dt.days

### Add dummy variables
# Add dummy for deleted scenes
df_rental["deleted_scenes"] =  np.where(df_rental["special_features"].str.contains("Deleted Scenes"), 1, 0)
# Add dummy for behind the scenes
df_rental["behind_the_scenes"] =  np.where(df_rental["special_features"].str.contains("Behind the Scenes"), 1, 0)

# Choose columns to drop
cols_to_drop = ["special_features", "rental_length", "rental_length_days", "rental_date", "return_date"]

# Split into feature and target sets
X = df_rental.drop(cols_to_drop, axis=1)
y = df_rental["rental_length_days"]

# Further split into training and test data
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(X, 
                                                 y, 
                                                 test_size=0.2, 
                                                 random_state=9)

# Create the Lasso model
lasso = Lasso(alpha=0.3, random_state=9) 

# Train the model and access the coefficients
lasso.fit(X_train, y_train)
lasso_coef = lasso.coef_

# Perform feature selectino by choosing columns with positive coefficients
X_lasso_train, X_lasso_test = X_train.iloc[:, lasso_coef > 0], X_test.iloc[:, lasso_coef > 0]

# Run OLS models on lasso chosen regression
ols = LinearRegression()
ols = ols.fit(X_lasso_train, y_train)
y_test_pred = ols.predict(X_lasso_test)
mse_lin_reg_lasso = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_test_pred)

rf = RandomForestRegressor()

param_dist = {'n_estimators': np.arange(1,101,1),
             'max_depth': np.arange(1,11,1)}

rand_search = RandomizedSearchCV(rf, param_distributions=param_dist, cv=5, random_state=9)
rand_search.fit(X_train, y_train)
hyper_params = rand_search.best_params_

rf = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=hyper_params['n_estimators'], max_depth=hyper_params['max_depth'], random_state=9)
rf.fit(X_train, y_train)
rf_pred = rf.predict(X_test)
rf_mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, rf_pred)

best_model = rf
best_mse = rf_mse